lapl

Based on the EASA regulations, here is a comprehensive document for the Light Aircraft Pilot Licence for Aeroplanes (LAPL(A)) , structured similarly to the SPL (TMG-only) guide you previously reviewed.

LAPL(A) – Light Aircraft Pilot Licence for Aeroplanes

A comprehensive guide based on EASA Part-FCL (Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011)

Introduction: What is a LAPL(A)?

The Light Aircraft Pilot Licence for Aeroplanes (LAPL(A)) is a European licence designed for recreational pilots. It is a more accessible alternative to the Private Pilot Licence (PPL(A)), requiring fewer flight hours and a less stringent medical certificate.

Key features:

Aircraft: Single-engine piston aeroplanes (land/sea) or Touring Motor Gliders (TMGs) with a maximum take-off mass of 2000 kg or less.
Passengers: Maximum of 3 passengers (4 persons on board total).
Validity: The licence is valid for life, but privileges require recency (see Section 7).
Note: The LAPL is not an ICAO-compliant licence; it is valid only within EASA Member States (and某些 third countries by bilateral agreement).

1. Entry Requirements

Requirement	Detail	Reference
Minimum age	17 years at licence issue (solo flights permitted from age 16)	FCL.100
Medical certificate	Valid LAPL medical certificate (less stringent than Class 2)	FCL.105, FCL.110
Training organisation	Complete the course at an ATO or a DTO	FCL.110
Language proficiency	Demonstrate English language proficiency at level 4 or above (if required by the competent authority)	FCL.055

2. Theoretical Knowledge

You must pass the theoretical knowledge examination in 9 subjects before the skill test.

Examination rules (AMC1 FCL.210, AMC1 FCL.115):

An ATO/DTO recommendation is required and valid for 12 months.
Pass mark: 75% for each subject.
Must pass all subjects within 18 months of the first attempt.
Maximum 4 attempts per subject; failure on the 4th attempt requires a complete retake for all subjects.
Successful exam results are valid for 24 months for the skill test and licence application.

Subjects (syllabus per AMC1 FCL.210 – PPL(A) syllabus applies):

Subject	Core Topics
1. Air Law and ATC Procedures	International law, airworthiness, registration, personnel licensing, rules of the air, airspace structure, ATS/ATM, AIS, aerodromes, accident reporting, ICAO flight plan
2. Human Performance	Human factors, aviation physiology, psychology, health maintenance, fatigue, spatial disorientation, use of oxygen
3. Meteorology	Atmosphere, wind, thermodynamics, clouds/fog, precipitation, air masses/fronts, pressure systems, climatology, flight hazards, meteorological information
4. Communications	VFR communications (uncontrolled/controlled airfields, en-route), operating procedures, weather information terms, communication failure, distress/urgency, VHF propagation
5. Principles of Flight	Aerodynamics, flight mechanics, stability, control, limitations (load factor/manoeuvres), stalling/spinning, spiral dive
6. Operational Procedures	General requirements, aerodrome/operating site procedures, emergency procedures, use of checklists, threat and error management (TEM)
7. Flight Performance and Planning	Mass & balance, performance (take-off, climb, cruise, landing), flight planning, ICAO flight plan, flight monitoring & re-planning, fuel planning
8. Aircraft General Knowledge	Airframe, systems (fuel, electrical, engine, propeller), instruments, landing gear, brakes, maintenance, airworthiness
9. Navigation	Basics of navigation, magnetism/compasses, charts, dead reckoning, in-flight navigation, GNSS, use of ATS

3. Flight Training & Experience

Minimum requirements (FCL.110.A):

Item	Minimum	Reference
Total flight instruction	30 hours	FCL.110.A(a)
Dual flight instruction	15 hours (in the class for the skill test)	FCL.110.A(a)(1)
Supervised solo flight time	6 hours	FCL.110.A(a)(2)
…of which solo cross-country	3 hours	FCL.110.A(a)(2)
Solo cross-country flight	≥150 km (80 NM) with 1 full-stop landing at a different aerodrome	FCL.110.A(a)(2)

Crediting of prior experience (FCL.110.A(c)):

Applicants with prior PIC experience may receive credit up to 50% of the required dual instruction (i.e., up to 7.5 hours), on the basis of a pre-entry flight test.
Credit cannot be applied to the 6 hours of supervised solo time.

Specific requirements for SPL(TMG) holders:

If you hold an SPL with TMG privileges, you need 21 hours of flight time on TMGs after the TMG endorsement, plus compliance with FCL.135.A(a) on aeroplanes.

4. Skill Test (with an FE)

The skill test must be taken with a Flight Examiner (FE) in the class of aeroplane or TMG for which the licence is sought.

Test content per AMC1 FCL.125:

Section	Content
1. Pre-flight & departure	Documentation, NOTAM/weather briefing, mass & balance, performance calculation, aircraft inspection, engine start, taxi, pre-take-off checks, take-off, ATC liaison
2. General airwork	Straight & level (speed changes), climbs & climbing turns, medium (30°) turns, steep (45°) turns, slow flight (with/without flaps), stalls (clean with power, approach-to-stall in turn, landing configuration), descents
3. En-route procedures	Navigation section ≥30 minutes with ≥2 waypoints, dead reckoning & map reading, maintaining altitude/heading/speed, ETAs & log keeping, diversion planning
4. Approach & landing	Arrival procedures, short-field & crosswind landing, flapless landing, idle-power approach, touch-and-go, go-around from low height, ATC liaison, actions after flight
5. Abnormal & emergency	Simulated engine failure after take-off, forced landing, precautionary landing, simulated emergencies, oral questions on aircraft systems & limitations

Tolerances (guidance):

Height: ±150 ft
Speed: +15/-5 kt (take-off & approach), ±15 kt (all other regimes)

Pass/fail:

Failure in one section → repeat only that section.
Failure in two or more sections → retake the entire test.
Two failed attempts → further training required before retesting.

5. Application to the Competent Authority

Submit your application to the competent authority of the Member State where you trained, using their prescribed form(s). The application typically requires:

Copy of passport / national ID card
Copy of valid LAPL medical certificate
Course completion certificate from the ATO/DTO
Original logbooks (or digitally signed extract for electronic logbooks)
Copy of theoretical knowledge examination results (if not held by the authority)
Original skill test report (signed by the FE)
Recent passport-style photograph
Applicable national fee

Declaration: You must confirm that you do not hold (or have pending) a Part-FCL licence in another EASA Member State and have never had one revoked or suspended there. False declarations may be subject to national penalties.

6. Privileges & Recency

Basic Privileges (FCL.105.A)

Privilege	Details	Reference
Act as PIC	In SEP(land), SEP(sea) or TMG ≤2000 kg MTOM, carrying ≤3 passengers (max 4 on board)
Passenger carriage	Requires 10 hours PIC on aeroplanes/TMGs after licence issue
Remuneration	Not permitted (the LAPL is a non-commercial licence)	-

Recency Requirements – every 24 months (FCL.140.A)

Holders of a LAPL(A) must meet one of the following conditions in the last 2 years:

Option	Requirement
Option 1	12 hours flight time as PIC, dual, or supervised solo, including: 12 take-offs & landings, and a refresher training flight of at least 1 hour with an instructor
Option 2	Pass a proficiency check with an FE

Passenger‑carrying Currency (FCL.105.A(b)(1))

10 hours as PIC after licence issue before carrying passengers.

7. Additional Privileges

Extending to Another Class (FCL.135.A)

To add another class of aeroplane (e.g., SEP(sea) after SEP(land)):

Complete 3 hours of flight instruction in the new class, including:
- 10 dual take-offs and landings
- 10 supervised solo take-offs and landings
Pass a skill test in the new class.

Upgrading to PPL(A)

Holders of a LAPL(A) may upgrade to a PPL(A) with credit for:

All theoretical knowledge (if still valid)
Reduced flight training (see Appendix 1 to Part-FCL for specific credit hours)

8. Summary Comparison: LAPL(A) vs PPL(A)

Aspect	LAPL(A)	PPL(A)
Minimum flight hours	30 hours	45 hours
Medical certificate	LAPL medical	Class 2 medical
Passengers	Max 3 (4 on board)	No limit (subject to aircraft)
Aircraft mass	≤2000 kg MTOM	No limit (subject to rating)
Night flying	Not permitted	Permitted (with night rating)
ICAO recognition	No (EASA only)	Yes (ICAO-compliant)
Commercial use	Not permitted	Not permitted (without CPL)

Yes — just like the SPL (TMG-only) document, the LAPL(A) guide should also include a dedicated appendix with example curricula for DTOs and ATOs. Below are both appendices, structured to mirror the SPL format while reflecting the specific requirements of Part‑FCL for the LAPL(A).

APPENDIX 1 – LAPL(A) CURRICULUM (DTO)

For Use by Declared Training Organisations (Part‑DTO)

1. Overview & Minimum Training Requirements (FCL.110.A)

Requirement	Minimum	Reference
Total flight instruction	30 hours	FCL.110.A(a)
Dual flight instruction	15 hours (in the class for the skill test)	FCL.110.A(a)(1)
Supervised solo flight time	6 hours	FCL.110.A(a)(2)
…of which solo cross‑country	3 hours	FCL.110.A(a)(2)
Solo cross‑country flight	≥150 km (80 NM) + 1 full‑stop landing at a different aerodrome	FCL.110.A(a)(2)
Theoretical knowledge instruction	Per syllabus (AMC1 FCL.210)	AMC1 FCL.115

Additional DTO requirements (Part‑DTO):

The DTO must hold a valid declaration submitted to the competent authority.
The DTO must have a Head of Training (HT) responsible for the curriculum and student records.
Instructors must hold valid FI(A) certificates with appropriate privileges for the aircraft used.

2. Theoretical Knowledge Syllabus (AMC1 FCL.210)

The LAPL(A) theoretical knowledge syllabus follows the PPL(A) syllabus (AMC1 FCL.210).

Subject	Core Topics
1. Air Law and ATC Procedures	ICAO, national regs, airspace, ATS, flight plans, licensing, aerodromes, accident reporting
2. Human Performance	Physiology, psychology, health, fatigue, oxygen, spatial disorientation
3. Meteorology	Atmosphere, clouds, fronts, pressure, icing, thunderstorms, MET info, hazards
4. Communications	VFR R/T, phraseology, uncontrolled/controlled fields, lost comms, distress/urgency
5. Principles of Flight	Aerodynamics, stability, control, load factors, stalls, spins, spiral dive
6. Operational Procedures	Aerodrome/operating site procedures, emergency procedures, checklists, TEM
7. Flight Performance & Planning	Mass & balance, performance (T/O, climb, cruise, landing), flight planning, ICAO FPL, fuel planning
8. Aircraft General Knowledge	Airframe, systems (fuel, electrical, engine, propeller), instruments, landing gear, brakes, maintenance
9. Navigation	Basics, magnetism/compasses, charts, dead reckoning, in‑flight navigation, GNSS, ATS

Examination (AMC1 FCL.210):

Pass mark: 75% per subject.
Pass all within 18 months; results valid 24 months.
Max 4 attempts per subject.
ATO/DTO recommendation required (valid 12 months).

3. Flight Instruction Syllabus (AMC1 FCL.115)

The LAPL(A) flight instruction syllabus must take into account the principles of Threat and Error Management (TEM) and cover:

Pre‑flight operations (mass & balance, aircraft inspection)
Aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance
Control by external visual reference
Flight at critically low air speeds, stall recognition/recovery
Flight at critically high air speeds, spiral dive recovery
Normal and crosswind take‑offs and landings
Maximum performance (short field, obstacle clearance) take‑offs and landings
Cross‑country flying (visual, dead reckoning, radio navigation aids)
Emergency operations (simulated equipment malfunctions)
Operations at controlled aerodromes, ATC/communication procedures

Pre‑Solo (Exercises 1–13 must be completed before first solo):

Ex.	Title	Key Content
1a	Familiarisation	Cockpit, controls, instruments, checklists
1b	Emergency drills	Fire, system failures, escape drills
2	Preparation for flight	Docs, walk‑around, mass/balance, engine start, taxi
3	Taxiing	Control of speed/direction, turning, engine handling
4	Effects of controls	Attitude/speed, primary effects, flaps
5	Straight & level	Pitch/trim, speed control, stability
6	Climbing & descending	Normal, best rate, maximum angle, glide
7	Turning	Entry/exit, faults (slip/skid), medium turns
8a	Slow flight	High AoA, recognition/recovery
8b	Stalling	Symptoms, recovery (straight/turning, wing‑drop, approach/landing config)
9	Take‑off & climb	Normal/crosswind, short field, soft field
10	Circuit, approach & landing	Circuit procedures, normal/crosswind, short field, flapless, glide approach
11	Spin avoidance	Incipient spin recognition/recovery, wing‑drop recovery
12/13	Emergencies	Abandoned T/O, engine failure after T/O, go‑around, missed approach, engine restart
14	First solo	Instructor briefing, limitations, supervision

Post‑Solo (Exercises 15–19):

Ex.	Title	Key Content
15	Advanced turning	Steep turns (45°+), unusual attitude recovery
16	Forced landing without power	Field selection, glide, circuit, approach, post‑landing
17	Precautionary landing	Full procedure, field selection, approach
18a	Navigation (planning)	Weather, NOTAMs, charts, route, fuel, mass/balance, ICAO FPL
18b	Navigation (in‑flight)	DR, map reading, heading/alt/speed, ETAs, diversion, lost procedures
18c	Radio navigation	Use of GNSS, VOR, NDB, ATC liaison
19	Basic instrument flight	Physiological sensations, instrument appreciation, attitude instrument flight

4. Solo Cross‑Country (FCL.110.A(a)(2))

≥150 km (80 NM) flight with 1 full‑stop landing at a different aerodrome.
Pre‑flight: Weather, NOTAMs, route planning, ICAO FPL (if req.), mass/performance/balance checks.
Supervised by FI(A) – pre‑flight briefing + post‑flight debrief.

5. Skill Test (AMC1 FCL.125)

Conducted by an FE(A) in the class of aeroplane or TMG for which the licence is sought.

Section	Content
1. Pre‑flight & departure	Docs, NOTAM/weather, mass/balance, performance, inspection, start, taxi, T/O, ATC
2. General airwork	S&L (speed changes), climbs, 30° & 45° turns, slow flight, stalls (clean, approach, landing config)
3. En‑route	Navigation section ≥30 min with ≥2 waypoints; DR, map, heading/alt/speed, ETAs, diversion
4. Approach & landing	Arrival, short‑field, crosswind, flapless, idle‑power, touch‑and‑go, go‑around
5. Abnormal/emergency	Simulated engine failure after T/O, forced landing, precautionary landing, emergencies, oral Qs

Tolerances (guidance):

Height: ±150 ft
Speed: +15/-5 kt (T/O & approach), ±15 kt (all other regimes)

Pass/Fail:

Failure in one section → repeat that section.
Failure in two or more sections → retake entire test.
Two failed attempts → further training required.

6. DTO Administration

Course Completion:

Issue certificate signed by Head of Training.
Logbook entry signed.
Recommend for theoretical exam (valid 12 months) and skill test.
Verify valid LAPL medical certificate before solo.

Records to Keep (DTO.GEN.215):

Training record (dates, exercises, instructor signatures).
Logbook copies.
Course completion certificate copy.
Skill test report copy (FE signed).
Declaration and changes notified to competent authority.

DTO Operational Notes:

Aircraft: Single‑engine piston aeroplanes (land/sea) or TMGs ≤2000 kg MTOM.
Instructor privileges: FI(A) with appropriate class rating.
Extension to another class (FCL.135.A): 3 hours instruction + skill test in new class.
Upgrade to PPL(A): Credit for theory and reduced flight training (see Appendix 1 to Part‑FCL).
Post‑licence recency (FCL.140.A): 12 hours (12 T/O/Ldg, 1 hr training flight) OR proficiency check within 24 months.
Passenger currency: 10 hours PIC after licence issue before carrying passengers.

Based on EASA Easy Access Rules for Aircrew (Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011) – Part‑FCL and Part‑DTO. Always verify current amendments.

APPENDIX 2 – LAPL(A) CURRICULUM (ATO)

For Use by Approved Training Organisations (Part‑ORA)

1. Overview & Minimum Training Requirements (FCL.110.A)

Requirement	Minimum	Reference
Total flight instruction	30 hours	FCL.110.A(a)
Dual flight instruction	15 hours	FCL.110.A(a)(1)
Supervised solo flight time	6 hours	FCL.110.A(a)(2)
…of which solo cross‑country	3 hours	FCL.110.A(a)(2)
Solo cross‑country flight	≥150 km (80 NM) + 1 full‑stop landing at a different aerodrome	FCL.110.A(a)(2)

Additional ATO requirements (Part‑ORA):

The ATO must hold an approval certificate issued by the competent authority.
The ATO must have a Chief Flight Instructor (CFI) or Head of Training.
The ATO must operate under an Operations Manual (ORA.ATO.125).
The ATO must have a quality system (ORA.ATO.135) including internal audits and occurrence reporting.
The ATO must conduct instructor standardisation (ORA.ATO.140).

2. Theoretical Knowledge Syllabus (AMC1 FCL.210)

Same as DTO (see Appendix 1, Section 2).

3. Flight Instruction Syllabus (AMC1 FCL.115)

Same as DTO (see Appendix 1, Section 3).

4. Solo Cross‑Country (FCL.110.A(a)(2))

Same as DTO (see Appendix 1, Section 4).

5. Skill Test (AMC1 FCL.125)

Same as DTO (see Appendix 1, Section 5).

6. ATO Administration & Quality Oversight

Course Completion:

Issue certificate signed by Head of Training / Chief Flight Instructor.
Logbook entry signed.
Recommend for theoretical exam (valid 12 months) and skill test.
Verify valid LAPL medical certificate before solo.

Records to Keep (ORA.ATO.135):

Training record (dates, exercises, instructor signatures).
Logbook copies.
Course completion certificate copy.
Skill test report copy (FE signed).
Quality system records (internal audits, occurrence reports).
Instructor standardisation records.

Quality System Requirements (ORA.ATO.135):

Internal audit programme covering all training activities.
Occurrence reporting and corrective action procedures.
Regular review of training syllabi and materials.
Student feedback and performance monitoring.

Instructor Standardisation (ORA.ATO.140):

Regular standardisation meetings for all FI(A)s.
Consistent delivery of theoretical and flight instruction.
Monitoring of instructional techniques and TEM integration.

ATO Operational Notes:

Aircraft: Single‑engine piston aeroplanes (land/sea) or TMGs ≤2000 kg MTOM.
Instructor privileges: FI(A) with appropriate class rating.
Extension to another class (FCL.135.A): 3 hours instruction + skill test in new class.
Upgrade to PPL(A): Credit for theory and reduced flight training (see Appendix 1 to Part‑FCL).
Post‑licence recency (FCL.140.A): 12 hours (12 T/O/Ldg, 1 hr training flight) OR proficiency check within 24 months.
Passenger currency: 10 hours PIC after licence issue before carrying passengers.

Based on EASA Easy Access Rules for Aircrew (Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011) – Part‑FCL and Part‑ORA. Always verify current amendments.

Summary of Key Differences: DTO vs ATO (LAPL(A))

APPENDIX 2 – LAPL(A) TRAINING PATHS (CORRECTED)

For Use by ATOs (Part‑ORA) and DTOs (Part‑DTO)

This appendix covers two distinct training pathways to obtain a Light Aircraft Pilot Licence for Aeroplanes (LAPL(A)). They are independent – a candidate follows one or the other, not a combination.

Path	Description	Regulatory Basis
Path A	Direct‑to‑LAPL(A) – Initial issue to a student with no prior licence	FCL.110.A(a)
Path B	SPL(TMG)‑to‑LAPL(A) – Conversion pathway for holders of an SPL with TMG privileges	FCL.110.A(b) , FCL.135.A(a)

Critical note: Path B is not a reduced version of Path A. It is a separate regulatory pathway with its own fixed experience requirement (21 hours post‑TMG endorsement). FCL.110.A(c) (crediting up to 50%) applies only to Path A and does not affect Path B.

Organisational note: Both pathways may be delivered by an Approved Training Organisation (ATO) or a Declared Training Organisation (DTO) , subject to the applicable oversight and quality requirements of Part‑ORA or Part‑DTO (see Section 6).

PATH A – DIRECT-TO-LAPL(A)

For students with no prior licence (initial issue).

A1. Entry Requirements

Requirement	Detail	Reference
Minimum age	17 years (at licence issue)	FCL.100
Medical certificate	Valid LAPL medical certificate	FCL.105
Training organisation	ATO or DTO	FCL.110
Language proficiency	Level 4 (if required by competent authority)	FCL.055

A2. Minimum Training Requirements (FCL.110.A(a))

Requirement	Minimum
Total flight instruction	30 hours
Dual flight instruction	15 hours (in the class for the skill test)
Supervised solo flight time	6 hours
…of which solo cross‑country	3 hours
Solo cross‑country flight	≥150 km (80 NM) + 1 full‑stop landing at a different aerodrome

Theoretical knowledge: All 9 subjects (see syllabus below).

Skill test: With FE(A) – see Section A5.

Credit (FCL.110.A(c)): Applicants with prior PIC experience may receive credit up to 50% of 30 hours = 15 hours, subject to a pre‑entry flight assessment. This credit cannot be applied to the 6 hours of supervised solo.

A3. Theoretical Knowledge Syllabus (AMC1 FCL.210)

Subject	Core Topics
1. Air Law and ATC Procedures	ICAO, national regs, airspace, ATS, flight plans, licensing, aerodromes, accident reporting
2. Human Performance	Physiology, psychology, health, fatigue, oxygen, spatial disorientation
3. Meteorology	Atmosphere, clouds, fronts, pressure, icing, thunderstorms, MET info, hazards
4. Communications	VFR R/T, phraseology, uncontrolled/controlled fields, lost comms, distress/urgency
5. Principles of Flight	Aerodynamics, stability, control, load factors, stalls, spins, spiral dive
6. Operational Procedures	Aerodrome/operating site procedures, emergency procedures, checklists, TEM
7. Flight Performance & Planning	Mass & balance, performance (T/O, climb, cruise, landing), flight planning, ICAO FPL, fuel planning
8. Aircraft General Knowledge	Airframe, systems (fuel, electrical, engine, propeller), instruments, landing gear, brakes, maintenance
9. Navigation	Basics, magnetism/compasses, charts, dead reckoning, in‑flight navigation, GNSS, ATS

Examination rules (AMC1 FCL.210):

Pass mark: 75% per subject.
Pass all within 18 months; results valid 24 months.
Max 4 attempts per subject.
ATO/DTO recommendation required (valid 12 months).

A4. Flight Instruction Syllabus (AMC1 FCL.115)

Pre‑Solo (Exercises 1–13 must be completed before first solo):

Ex.	Title	Key Content
1a	Familiarisation	Cockpit, controls, instruments, checklists
1b	Emergency drills	Fire, system failures, escape drills
2	Preparation for flight	Docs, walk‑around, mass/balance, engine start, taxi
3	Taxiing	Control of speed/direction, turning, engine handling
4	Effects of controls	Attitude/speed, primary effects, flaps
5	Straight & level	Pitch/trim, speed control, stability
6	Climbing & descending	Normal, best rate, maximum angle, glide
7	Turning	Entry/exit, faults (slip/skid), medium turns
8a	Slow flight	High AoA, recognition/recovery
8b	Stalling	Symptoms, recovery (straight/turning, wing‑drop, approach/landing config)
9	Take‑off & climb	Normal/crosswind, short field, soft field
10	Circuit, approach & landing	Circuit procedures, normal/crosswind, short field, flapless, glide approach
11	Spin avoidance	Incipient spin recognition/recovery, wing‑drop recovery
12/13	Emergencies	Abandoned T/O, engine failure after T/O, go‑around, missed approach, engine restart
14	First solo	Instructor briefing, limitations, supervision

Post‑Solo (Exercises 15–19):

Ex.	Title	Key Content
15	Advanced turning	Steep turns (45°+), unusual attitude recovery
16	Forced landing without power	Field selection, glide, circuit, approach, post‑landing
17	Precautionary landing	Full procedure, field selection, approach
18a	Navigation (planning)	Weather, NOTAMs, charts, route, fuel, mass/balance, ICAO FPL
18b	Navigation (in‑flight)	DR, map reading, heading/alt/speed, ETAs, diversion, lost procedures
18c	Radio navigation	Use of GNSS, VOR, NDB, ATC liaison
19	Basic instrument flight	Physiological sensations, instrument appreciation, attitude instrument flight

A5. Skill Test (AMC1 FCL.125)

Conducted by an FE(A) in the aeroplane class (SEP land/sea) or TMG for which the licence is sought.

Section	Content
1. Pre‑flight & departure	Docs, NOTAM/weather, mass/balance, performance, inspection, start, taxi, T/O, ATC
2. General airwork	S&L (speed changes), climbs, 30° & 45° turns, slow flight, stalls (clean, approach, landing config)
3. En‑route	Navigation section ≥30 min with ≥2 waypoints; DR, map, heading/alt/speed, ETAs, diversion
4. Approach & landing	Arrival, short‑field, crosswind, flapless, idle‑power, touch‑and‑go, go‑around
5. Abnormal/emergency	Simulated engine failure after T/O, forced landing, precautionary landing, emergencies, oral Qs

Tolerances (guidance): Height ±150 ft; speed +15/−5 kt (T/O & approach), ±15 kt otherwise. Pass/Fail: Fail 1 section → retake that section; fail ≥2 → retake entire test; 2 failed attempts → further training.

PATH B – SPL(TMG)-TO-LAPL(A) CONVERSION

For holders of an SPL with TMG privileges.

This is a standalone pathway under FCL.110.A(b). It is not a reduced version of Path A. The 21‑hour requirement is fixed and independent.

B1. Prerequisites

Requirement	Detail	Reference
Hold a valid SPL with TMG privileges	Issued under Part‑SFCL	Article 3b / SFCL.150
Flight time on TMGs	≥21 hours after TMG endorsement	FCL.110.A(b)
Valid LAPL medical certificate	Required for LAPL(A)	FCL.105

Critical: The 21 hours must be logged after the TMG endorsement is added to the SPL. TMG hours flown before the endorsement do not count.

B2. Experience Requirements (FCL.110.A(b))

The SPL(TMG) holder follows the specific pathway set out in FCL.110.A(b):

“Applicants for an LAPL(A) holding … an SPL with TMG extension shall have completed at least 21 hours of flight time on TMGs after the endorsement of the TMG extension and complied with the requirements of point FCL.135.A(a) on aeroplanes.”

Therefore:

Requirement	Detail
Total TMG flight time	≥21 hours after TMG endorsement
Additional flight training	None – the 21 hours is the complete experience requirement
Credit from other experience	Not applicable – this pathway does not use FCL.110.A(c)

B3. Theoretical Knowledge Requirements (FCL.135.A(a)(2))

The applicant must demonstrate theoretical knowledge in only 3 subjects during the skill test:

Subject
Operational procedures
Flight performance and planning
Aircraft general knowledge

All other subjects (Air Law, Human Performance, Meteorology, Communications, Principles of Flight, Navigation) are credited from the SPL theoretical knowledge examination.

B4. Pre‑Entry Assessment & Training Focus

Although no additional flight training is required beyond the 21 hours, the ATO/DTO must conduct a pre‑entry flight assessment to confirm the applicant’s competence before the skill test.

Content of the assessment: Covers the full LAPL(A) flight syllabus (see Path A, Section A4). The assessment identifies any areas requiring familiarisation, particularly the differences between TMG and aeroplane operation:

Higher approach and stall speeds
Flap and trim usage
Engine handling (carburettor icing, mixture control, variable pitch propeller if fitted)
Heavier control feel and aircraft inertia
Aeroplane‑specific emergency procedures

If deficiencies are identified, the ATO/DTO may recommend supplementary training (not credited) before the skill test.

B5. Skill Test (FCL.135.A(a))

Conducted by an FE(A) in the aeroplane class (SEP land or SEP sea). The test content follows AMC1 FCL.125 (identical to Path A, Section A5).

Mandatory elements specific to Path B:

The skill test must be conducted in an aeroplane (not a TMG).
The examiner will assess the applicant’s knowledge of the 3 aeroplane‑specific subjects (see B3).

B6. Comparison Summary

Aspect	Path A (Direct)	Path B (SPL → LAPL)
Prior licence	None	SPL(TMG)
Regulatory basis	FCL.110.A(a)	FCL.110.A(b)
Experience required	30 hours	21 hours post‑TMG endorsement (fixed)
Is credit applied?	Yes – up to 15 hours (FCL.110.A(c))	No – separate pathway, no credit
Theoretical knowledge	All 9 subjects	3 subjects during skill test
Skill test aircraft	Aeroplane or TMG	Aeroplane only
Pre‑entry assessment	Not required (unless seeking credit)	Required

ORGANISATIONAL APPLICABILITY – ATO vs DTO

Both training pathways (Path A and Path B) may be delivered by either an ATO or a DTO.

Aspect	ATO (Part‑ORA)	DTO (Part‑DTO)
Status	Approved organisation	Declared organisation
Oversight	Approval certificate issued by competent authority	Declaration submitted to competent authority
Quality system	Required (ORA.ATO.135)	Not mandatory
Operations Manual	Required (ORA.ATO.125)	Not required
Instructor standardisation	Required (ORA.ATO.140)	Not formalised
Internal audits	Required	Not required
Occurrence reporting	Required	Not required
Course completion certificate	Issued by Head of Training / CFI	Issued by Head of Training
Pre‑entry assessment (Path B)	Conducted by ATO	Conducted by DTO
Skill test	FE(A)	FE(A)

Instructor requirement (both): Instructors must hold a valid FI(A) certificate with the appropriate class rating (SEP land/sea or TMG) for the aircraft used.

Aircraft requirement (both): Single‑engine piston aeroplanes (land/sea) or TMGs with a maximum take‑off mass of 2000 kg or less.

Based on EASA Easy Access Rules for Aircrew (Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011) – Part‑FCL, Part‑ORA, and Part‑DTO. Always verify current amendments with your competent authority.

This corrected version now accurately reflects the regulations. The critical change is that Path B is correctly presented as a standalone 21‑hour pathway under FCL.110.A(b) , with no mention of credit or reduction from 30 hours.